NOUN
Words which are used as names of person, animals, places, or things are called
Noun or naming words are called Nouns.- Ram, Kota, Boy, Dog, Good, Beautiful,
Tea, Sugar, Gold, Class, Team, Army.
Kinds of Nouns -
1. Proper ¼ O;fDrokpd ½
2. Common ¼ tkfrokpd ½
3. Collective ¼lewgokpd½
4. Material ¼nzO;okpd½
5. Abstract ¼Hkkookpd½
(1) Proper Noun (Name of particular
person, place etc.) - O;fDrokpd&
proper.vFkkZr one’s,
own- ;kuh futhA fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq ds futh uke
dks proper Noun dgrs gS] ;g lnSo singular Number gksrk gSA bldk izFke
v{kj Capital gksrk gS] tSls& Ashoka, Bomboy. India.
Note : - Proper Noun ·ð¤ âæÍ article
·¤æ use ÙãUè´ ãUæðÌæ ãñUÐ
ØçÎ Proper Noun âð
ÂãUÜð adjective çܹæ ãUæð ÌÕ The ·¤æ use ãUæðÌæ ãñUÐ
The great Akbar ruled over
India.
The brave Pratap fought for his
kingdom.
(2) Common Noun- (means shared by all) Common Noun ,d gh izdkj dh lHkh oLrqvksa ds lfEefyr uke dks dgrs gSa Birds, pen, trees, Cow,
river.
Note : - ÁÕ Common Noun ·¤æ use
singular subject ·ð¤ çÜ° ç·¤Øæ ÁæØð ÌÕ A Øæ An ·¤æ use
ãUæðÌæ ãñU ¥æñÚU ÁÕ Common Noun ÂêÚUè
ÁæçÌ ·ð¤ ÕæÚÔU ×ð´ ÕÌæØð ÌÕ The
·¤æ use ãUæðÌæ ãñUÐ
Monu is a student.
The students are intelligent.
(3) Abstract Noun (Quality)- xq.k] n'kk] voLFkk o dk;ks± dk cks/k djkrs gSaA
xq.k& Honesty, kindness, sympathy, n'kk& Poverty, sorrow, Happiness. voLFkk Boy wood, manhood, Childhood. dk;Z& Fight, Flight, Movenents,
ftuds vUr esa& dom, age, ship, hood, tion, sion, nent, ence,
ty bR;kfn surffix ds :i esa yxrs gSa os
izk;% Abstract Noun gksrs gSA
Note : - ÁÕ Abstract Noun ·¤æ use
singular subject ·ð¤ çÜ° ç·¤Øæ ÁæØð ÌÕ A Øæ An ·¤æ use ãUæðÌæ
ãñUÐ
She is a beautiful girl.
He is an intelligent student.
(4) Material Noun (Liquid, Metals) - ÌÚUÜ ÂÎæ‰æü, ŠææÌé°´ ß Ù ç»Ùè ÁæÙð ßæÜè ßSÌé°´ Material Noun dgykrh gSA ;Fkk& Copper, Gold, wood, Cotton, Stone, Jute.
Note : - Material Noun ·ð¤ âæÍ article
·¤æ use ÙãUè´ ãUæðÌæ ãñUÐ
- ØçÎ Material Noun âð
ÂãUÜð ·¤æð§üU singular countable noun çܹè ãUæð ÌÕ article ·¤æ use ãUæðÌæ
ãñUÐ
I want & tea.
I want to take a cup of
tea.
(5) Collective Noun.- lewg@lkewfgdA O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dks Collective Noun dgrs gSaA Army, Gang, Class, Team, Mob, Crowd, Jury,
Govt., Committee, Parliament, Bunch, Bouquet, Furniture, Flock, Fleet, Herd
etc.
Gist (âæÚUæ´àæ) Naming words are called
nouns.
Person Mukesh (×é·ð¤àæ)
Place Patna (ÂÅUÙæ)
Thing Pen (·¤Ü×)
Quality Honesty (§üU×æÙÎæÚUè)
State Illness (Õè×æÚUè)
Action Movement (»çÌ/¿æÜ)
1. Countable Noun - The Nouns which can be counted.
Áñâð - Veena,girl,
class etc.
(a) Proper Noun - The Noun which denotes a proper person
place or thing. Áñâð-
Proper person Binay,
Ajit, Nilu
Proper palce Mumbai,
Kolkata, Delhi
Proper thing Ramayana,
Gita, Bible
(b) Common Noun - The Noun which denotes common persons, places or things Áñâð -
Common person Man,
Woman
Common place Town,
School
Common things Book,
Table
(c)
Collective Noun - The Noun which denotesthings Áñâð
Group
of Persons
- A crew of sailors
- A team of players
- A class of students
- An army of soldiers
Collection of things
- A fleet of ships
- A bunch of flowers
- A library of books
2. Uncountable Noun : The Nouns which cannot be counted. Áñâð -
gold, water, oil, coffee,
honesty etc.
(a) Material Noun : The Noun which denotes materials. Áñâð -
copper, silver, tea, coffee,
ghee etc.
(b) Abstract Noun : The Noun which denotes quality,
condition or action. Áñâð - wisdom, humanity, pride, bravery, childhood etc.
Some Important Collective Nouns
A crowd of
people
Üæð»æð´ ·¤è ÖèǸ
A herd of
cattle
Âàæé¥æð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A group of
students
ÀUæ˜ææð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A cluster
of stars
ÌæÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A gang of robbers
ÇUæ·é¤¥æð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A nest of
ants
¿æèçÅUØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A swarm
of ants
¿èçÅUØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A drove of
cattle
Âàæé¥æð´ ·¤æ â×éÎæØ
A series
of events
ƒæÅUÙæ¥æð´ ·¤æ ·ý¤×
A bundle
of clothes
·¤ÂǸæð´ ·¤æ »æ¡ÆU
A flock of
birds
ç¿çǸØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A troup of
dancers
ÙëÌ·¤æð´ ·¤è ×´ÇUÜè
A jury of
judges
‹ØæØæŠæèàææð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A troop of
children
Õ“ææð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A quiver
of arrows
ÌèÚUæð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A suit of
rooms
·¤×ÚUæð´ ·¤æ âñÅU
A pile of
books
ÂéSÌ·¤æð´ ·¤æ »_UÚU
A peal of
laughters
ã¡UâæðɸUæð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A chain of
mountains
ÂßüÌæð´ ·¤è Ÿæð‡æè
A band of
musicians
â´»èÌ™ææð´ ·¤è ׇÇUÜè
A course
of study
¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ ·ý¤×
A volley
of shots
»æðçÜØæð´ ·¤è ßáæü
A volley
of arrows
Õæ‡ææð´ ·¤è ßáæü
A volley
of stones
ˆÍÚUæð´ ·¤è ßáæü
A volley
of missiles
àæS˜ææð´ ·¤è ßáæü
A sheaf of
grains
¥ÙæÁ ·¤æ »_UÚU
A heap of
hand
ÕæÜê ·¤æ ÉðUÚU
A bunch of
keys
¿æçæØæð´ ·¤æ »é‘ÀUæ
A galaxy
of stars
ÌæÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A fleet of
ships
ÁãUæÁæð´ ·¤æ ÕðǸæ
An army of
ants
¿èçÅUØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A covery
of partridges
ÌèÌÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A shoal of
fish
×ÀUçÜØæð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A choir of
singers
»æØ·¤æð´ ·¤è ×´ÇUÜè
A herd of
swine
âé¥ÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A stock of
clothes
ßS˜ææð´ ·¤æ â´»ýãU
A tuft of
grass
ƒææâ ·¤æ »é‘ÀUæ
A band of nomads
ƒæé×P¤Ç¸æð´ ·¤æ ÁˆÍæ
A lock
of hair
ÕæÜæð´ ·¤è ÜÅU
A suit of
armour
ÚUÿæ淤߿æð´ ·¤æ âðÅU
A suit of
furniture
ȤÙèü¿ÚU ·¤æ âñÅU
A stock of
coal
·¤æðØÜæ ·¤æ â´»ýãU
A string
of onions
ŒØæÁ ·¤è ´çQ¤Øæ¡
A bevy of
ladies
ÖÎý ÙæçÚUØæð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A flight
of stairs
âèçɸUØæð´ ·¤æ ·ý¤×
A heap of
rubbish
·ê¤Ç¸æ-·¤¿Ç¸æ ·¤æ ÉðUÚU
A heap of
dust
ŠæêÜ·¤‡æ ·¤æ ÉðUÚU
A heap of
stones
ˆÍÚUæð´ ·¤æ ÉðUÚU
A ray of
light
Âý·¤æàæ-ç·¤ÚU‡ææð´ ·¤æ Âé´Á
A pair of
socks
°·¤ ÁæðǸæ ×æðÁæ
A brace of
pigeons
·¤ÕêÌÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A slice of
bread
ÚUæðÅUè ·¤æ ÅéU·¤ÇU¸æ
A grain of
rice
¿æßÜ ·¤æ °·¤ ÎæÙæ
A blade of
grass
ƒææâ ·¤æ °·¤ ÌèÙ·¤æ
An army of
soldiers
âñçÙ·¤æð´ ·¤æ ÁˆÍæ
A board of
directors
çÙÎðàæ·¤æð´ ·¤è ×´ÇUÜè
A gust of
wind
ãUßæ ·¤æ °·¤ ÌðÁ Ûææð´·¤æ
A pinch of
salt
°·¤ ¿éÅU·¤è Ù×·¤
A pinch of
snuff
°·¤ ¿éÅU·¤è â顃æÙè
A band of
travellers
Øæç˜æØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A wardrobe
of clothers
ßS˜ææð´ ·¤æ â´»ýãU
A flight
of birds
©UǸÌð ãéU° ÂçÿæØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
An
assembly of listeners
ŸææðÌæ¥æð´ ·¤è ×´ÇUÜè
An
assembly of worshippers
ŸæhæÜé¥æð´ ·¤è ×´ÇUÜè
A flight
of locusts
©UǸÌð ãéU° çÅUçaUØæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A course
of lectures
ÃØæØæÙ/Öæá‡æ ·¤æ ·ý¤×
A peal of
bells
ƒæ´ÅUæð´ ·¤è ÁæðÚUÎæÚU ¥æßæÁ ·¤æ â×êãU
A flock of
sheep/goats
ÖðǸæð´ Øæ Õ·¤ÚUæð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A
delegation of students
ÀUæ˜ææð´ ·¤æ çàæCUׇÇUÜ
An
association of labourers
×ÁÎêÚUæð´ ·¤æ â´ƒæ
A litter
of puppies
·é¤žæð ·ð¤ Õ“ææð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
A packet
of cigarette
çâ»ÚÔUÅU ·¤æ çÇUŽÕæ
A squadron
of planes
ãUßæ§üU ÁãUæÁæð´ ·¤æ ÕðǸUæ
A crew of
sailors/boatmen
Ùæçß·¤æð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A regiment
of soldiers
âñçÙ·¤æð´ ·¤æ â×êãU
A tribe of
natives
SßÎðçàæØæð´ ·¤æ ß»ü/ÁæçÌ
A pack of
wolves/hounds
ÖðçǸØæð´ Øæ çàæ·¤æÚUè ·é¤žææð´ ·¤æ Ûæé´ÇU
THE NOUN : GENDER
You know that living beings
are of either the male or the female sex. Now compare the words in the
following pairs.
Boy : Girl
Lion : Lioness
Hero : Heroine
Cock : sparrow
Hen : sparrow
What do you notice?
The first word of each pair is the name of a male animal.
The second word of each pair is the name of a female animal.
A
noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender : [Gender
comes from Latin genus, kind or sort.]
A
noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the Feminine Gender.
A
noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be the common Gender :
as
Parent,
child, friend, pupil, servant, thief, relation, enemy, cousin.
Person,
orphan, student, baby, monarch, neighbour, infant.
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor
female (i.e., thing without life) is said to be the Neuter Gender ; as,
Book,
pen, room, tree.
[Neuter
means neither, that is, neither male nor female]
It will
be thus seen that in Modern English the Gender of a noun is entirely a matter
of sex or the absence of sex. It has nothing to do with the form of a noun,
which determines its gender in many other languages, e.g., in Urdu where
bagiche is masculine and lakri is feminine.
Objects
without life are often personified, that is, spoken of as if they were living
beings. We then regard them as males or females.
The
Masculine Gender is often applied to abjects remarkable for strength and
violence ; as,
The
sun, Summer, Winter, Time, Death.
The sun
sheds his beams on rich and poor alike.
The
Feminine Gender is sometimes applied to objects remarkable for beauty,
gentleness, and gracefulness ; as,
The
moon, the Earth, Spring, Autumn, Nature, Liberty.
Justice,
Mercy, Peace, Hope, charity.
The
moon has hidden her face behind a cloud.
Spring
has spread her mantle of green over the earth.
Peace
hath her victories no less renowned than war.
This
use is most common in poetry but certain nouns are personified in prose too. A
ship is often spoken of as she; as,
The
ship lost all her boats in the storm.
WAYS
OF FORMING THE FEMININE OF NOUNS
There are three ways of
forming the Feminine of Nouns:
(1) By using an entirely
different word ; as
Masculine Feminine
Bachelor maid (old use)
spinster
Boy girl
Brother sister
Buck doe
Bull (or ox) cow
Bullock heifer
Cock hen
Colt fily
Daddy Mummy
Dog bitch
Drake duck
Eari countess
Father Mother
Gander goose
gentleman lady
Hart roe
Horse mare
Husband wife
King queen
Lord lady
man woman
Monk (or friar) nun
Nephew niece
Papa mamma (old use)
Ram ewe
Sir madam
Son daughter
Stag hind
Uncle aunt
Wizard witch
(2) By adding a syllable
(-ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc.) as,
Masculine Feminine
Author authoress
Baron baroness
Count countess
Giant giantess
Heir heiress
Host hostess
Jew jewess
Lion lioness
Manager manageress
Mayor mayoress
Patron patroness
Peer peeress
Poet poetess
Priest priestess
Prophet prophetess
Shepherd shepherdess
Steward stewardess
Viscount viscountess
[Note that in the following-ess is added
after dropping the vowel of the masculine ending.]
Masculine Feminine
Actor actress
benefactor benefactress
Conductor conductress
Enchanter enchantress
Founder foundress
Hunter huntress
Instructor instructress
Negro negress
Abbot abbess
Duke duchess
Emperor empress
Preceptor preceptress
Prince princess
Songster songstress
Tempter temptress
Seamster seamstress
Tiger tigress
Traitor traitress
Waiter waitress
master mistress
Murderer murderess
Sorcerer sorceress
Note - The suffix-ess is the commonest suffix used to form
feminine nouns, from the masculine, and is the only one which we now use in
forming a new feminine noun.
Masculine Feminine
Hero heroine
Testator testatrix
Czar czarine
Sultan sultana
Signor signora
Fox vixen
(3) By placing a word before
or after ; as,
Masculine Feminine
Grandfather grandmother
greatuncle greataunt
Manservant maidservant
Landlord landlady
Milkman milkwoman
Peacock peahen
Salesman saleswoman
washerman washerwoman
The Noun :
number
Notice
the change of form in the second word of each pair.
Tree : Tress
Box : Boxes
Ox : Oxen
Man : Men
The
first word of each pair denotes one thing, the second word of each pair denotes
more than one.
A Noun
that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular Number ; as,
Boy,
girl, cow, bird, tree, book, pen.
Thus
there are two Numbers in English - the Singular and the Plural.
How
Plurals are Formed
(i) The
Plural of nouns is generally formed by adding -s to the singular ; as,
boy,
boys ; girl,
girls ;
book,
books ; pen,
pens ;
desk,
desks ; cow,
cows ;
(ii)
But Nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch (soft), or -x form the plural by adding -es to
the singular ; as,
class,
classes ; kiss,
kisses ;
dish ,
dishes ; brush,
brushes ;
match,
matches ; watch, watches ;
branch,
branches ; tax,
taxes ;
box,
boxes ;
(iii)
Most Nouns ending in -o also form the plural by adding -es to the singular ;
as,
buffalo,
buffaloes ; mango,
mangoes ;
hero,
heroes ; potato,
potatoes ;
cargo,
cargoes ; echo,
echoes ;
negro,
negroes ; volcano,
volcanoes ;
(iv) A
few nouns ending in -o merely add -s, ; as,
dynamo,
dynamos ; solo, solos
;
ratio,
ratos ; canto,
cantos ;
mementio,
mementos ; quarto,
quartos ;
piano,
pianos ; photo,
photos ;
stereo,
stereos ; kilo,
kilos ;
logo,
logos ; commando,
commandos
(v)
Nouns ending in -y, preceded by a consonant, form their plrual by changing -y
into -i and adding -es ; as,
baby,
babies ; lady,
ladies ;
city,
cities ; army,
armies ;
story,
stories ; pony,
ponies ;
(vi)
The following nouns ending in -f or -fe forms their plural by changing -f or
-fe into v and adding -es ; es.
thief,
thieves ; wife,
wives ;
wolf,
wolves ; life,
lives ;
calf,
calvas ; leaf,
leaves ;
loaf,
loaves ; knife,
knives ;
shelf,
shelves ; half,
halves ;
elf,
elves ; self,
selves
sheaf,
sheaves,
The nouns dwarf , hoof, scarf and wharf
take either -s or -ves in the plural.
dwarfs
or dwarves ; hoofs or
hooves ;
scarf
or scarves ; wharfs or
wharves
Other
words ending in -for -fe add -s, as,
chief,
chiefs ; safe,
safes ;
proof,
proofs; gulf,
gulfs ;
cliff,
cliffs ; handkerchief.,
handkerchiefs
A few
noun form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular ; as,
man,
men ; woman,
women ;
foot,
feet ; tooth,
teeth ;
goose,
geese ; mouse,
mice ;
louse,
lice
There are a few nouns that
form their plural by adding -en to the singular ; as,
ox,
oxen ; child,
children.
The plural
of fish is fish or fishes, In current English fish is the usual plural, Fishes
is sometimes used to talk about different kinds of fish.
Some
nouns have the singular and the plural alike; as,
Swine,
sheep, deer; cod, trout, salmon; aircraft, spacecraft, series, species.
pair,
dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand (when used after numerals)
I
bought three dozen oranges.
Some
people reach the age of three score and ten.
The
sari cost me five thousand rupees.
Stone,
hundredweight.
He
weights above nine stone.
Twenty
hundredweight make one ton.
Some
noun are used only in the plural.
(1) Names of
instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pair ; as.
Bellows,
scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles.
(2) Names of
certain articles of dress ; as,
Trousers,
drawers, breeches, jeans tights, shorts, pyjamas.
(3) Certain
other nouns ; as,
Annals,
thanks, proceeds (of a sale), tidings, environs, nuptials, obsequies, assets,
chattels.
Some
nouns originally singular are now generally used in the plural ; as,
Alms,
riches, eaves.
Riches
do many things.
The following nouns look plural but are in fact singular
(1) Names of
subjects
mathematics,
physics, electronics, etc.
(2) The word
news
(3) Names of
some common diseases
measles,
mumps, rickets
(4) Names of
some games
billards,
draughts
Mathematics
is his favourite study.
No news
is good news.
India
won by an innings and three runs.
Measles
is infectious.
Billiards
is my favourite game.
'Means'
is used either as singular or plural. But when it has the meaning of 'wealth it is always plural ; is.
He
succeeded by this means (or, by these means) in passing the examination.
His
means are small, but he has incurred no debt.
Certain
Collective Nouns, though singular in form, are always used as plurals ; as,
Poultry,
cattle, vermin, people, gentry.
These
poulty are mine.
Whose
are these cattle?
Vermin
destroy our property and carry disease.
Who are
those people (= persons)?
There
are few gentry in this town.
Note
- As a Common Noun 'people' means a nation and is used in both singular and
plural ; as,
The
Japanses are a hard-working people.
There
are many different peoples in Europe.
A
Compound Noun generally forms its plural by adding -s to the principal word ;
as,
Singular Plural
Commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief
Coat-of-mail coats-of-mail
Son-in-law sons-in-law
Daughter-in-law daughters-in-law
Stepson stepsons
Stepdaughter stepdaughters
madservants
(but manservant, (pluarl)
Passer-by passers-by
Looker-on Lookers-on
Man-of-war men-of-war
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